Vishal Enterprises Inc.
226 West 37th St.
Town of New York
Free State of New York
Mahesh,
Reference your question of July 6th @ 8.57 p.m.
''I would like to know why ''line'' is used for button measurement, its' origin and full meaning. Also why ''The Empire State'' is used on cars. Warm regards.''
Mahesh, it is not know when, where, or who first used the ''line'' for button measure. The ''line'' was in use in the United Kingdom in 1745 for button measure, but its' use in the button trade is probably much older.
The button trade is part of the cloth trade, and all linear measure in the cloth trade is based on the ''span'' of 9 inches. Just as the circle is divided into 360 degrees, so the span is divided into 360 lines.
1 L = 1/360 span
1 dt. = 30 L
1 nl.lth. = 90 L
1 span = 360 L
1 stt. cubit = 720 L
1 bandle = 1080 L
1 yd. = 1440 L
1 ell = 1800 L
1 windlace = 2160 L
Common Linear Measure
Linen Yarn Measure & Cotton Yarn Measure
Common Cloth Measure
Common Temperature
Mahesh, as to why ''The Empire State'' is stamped on all motor vehicle license plates; that is a constitutional matter which you will have to look into yourself. However I will provide a few brief notes to get you started.
Free State of New York
Free State Imperium/Emperium of New York
''The Empire State''
1931 Empire State Building
1. The Centuriate Assembly of the Republic of Rome elects two consuls for a one year term only, as a republic cannot have a head of state. Neither consul can ever be re-elected as a consul again. Each consul can over-rule any order, action, or decision of the other consul. Both consuls must agree always. Both consuls nominate senators to the Senate of the Republic of Rome, who serve for life. Both consuls exercise ''imperium / emperium'', or empire on behalf of the Republic of Rome. Just as the estruscan King Tarquin of the Kingdom of The Latins exercised ''imperium / emperium'' or empire as head of state, before abdicating in 509 B.C. on the establishment of the Free State / Republic / Commonwealth of Rome.
2. Only the Senate can make legislation for the Republic of Rome, but Senate legislation can never come into effect unless the Centuriate Assembly votes to finally approve it.
3. The Centuriate Assembly elects two censors for an 18 month term only. Neither censor can ever be re-elected as a censor again. Together both censors elect or reject all nominees for senator, that have been made by both consuls together. Both censors determine who is a militiaman and also which militiamen must go on army service in time of war.
4. The Centuriate Assembly elects one praetor (trial-judge) for a one year term only. The trial-judge can never be re-elected as a trial-judge again.
5. The Centuriate Assembly elects one pontiff (high priest) for a one year term only. The pontiff can never be re-elected as a pontiff again. The pontiff personally carries out all high religious ceremonies, and ensures that all religious ordinances are strictly enforced.
6. All militiamen elect a Centuriate Assembly for a 6 month term, every 6 months.
7. Empire of Rome. There is no such thing, despite what all the history books say. When in 30 B.C. Octavian abolished the Republic of Rome, he insisted that the new state be still called the Republic of Rome, on the grounds that he had not abolished the Republic of Rome. Octavian claimed he was simply exercising empire like the two consuls of the Republic of Rome. That was nonsense of course, because although Octavian was exercising empire, Ocatvian was just one person, like King Tarquin of the Kingdom of The Latins. Octavian was not two persons, like the two consuls of the Republic of Rome.
8. Regarding point 7. Napoleon did exactly the same in 1804.
9. Emperor of Rome. There is no such title, despite what all the history books say. Anyone who exercises empire is an emperor. In 30 B.C. Octavian adopted the brand new title ''First Citizen'' which in english translates as ''Prince''.
10. Regarding point 9. Napoleon in 1799 adopted the title ''First Citizen''. Napoleon in 1800 adopted the title ''First Consul''. Napoleon in 1804 adopted the title ''Emperor''.
11. Regarding point 9. The heir to the United Kingdom throne, Charles Sax-Gotha, has adopted the title ''Prince of Wales''. Wales is not a city, it is a nation. Charles Sax-Gotha is a subject of the Crown, not a citizen of a non-existent city.
12. King Tarquin of Kingdom of The Latins, was not only not roman, he wasn't even latin. He was estruscan. Officers in crown states / principalities / kingdoms may be either native-born or foreign-born, although electors may only be native-born.
13. Officers & electors in free states / republics / commonwealths may only be native born.
Empire Act 1533 – ''This Nation and Realm of England is an Empire.''
1790 John Adams (later the 2nd? 3rd? 15th? 16th? 17th? 18th? 19th? President of the United States 1797-1801). ''Our new government is an attempt to divide a sovereignty. A fresh essay in imperium in imperio.'' (Each independent & free state / republic / commonwealth is an empire within the empire of the United States of America.)
In the U.S., although all states call themselves free states / republics / commonwealths, empire is exercised by one governor, not two governors. That means that all U.S. states are crown states / principalities / kingdoms, and the adopted name of free state / republic / commonwealth is nonsense. Although most U.S. states have a lieutenant-governor, he does not exercise empire. The word ''lieutenant'' should give you a clue.
The United States of America also claims that it has adopted a free state / republic / commonwealth form of government, on the grounds that it has a President of the United States of America, and a President of the United States Senate. This is double dutch.
Firstly, a president is exactly that, an officer who has no powers whatsoever, except the power to preside over the proceedings of a congress which has elected him to do just that. Just as a speaker presides over a commons. Just as a moderator presides over an assembly. Just as a convenor presides over a convention. The exception is a chancellor who presides over a senate, because he is appointed by the king, because the king is not part of the senate, and because the chancellor does have powers in addition to his presidency.
LORD CHANCELLOR
A chopped down pattern of the Lord Chancellor and Senate (House of Peers / Lords) is exactly followed by the Vice-President of the United States of America and the United States Senate. The President of the United States Senate is not a president, because he is not elected by the legislative body he is the chairman of. That is, the President of the United States Senate is the Vice-President of the United States of America, and he is elected by the electors of the United States Electoral College who are elected by the various U.S. states.
Every U.S. state has a different method of electing the United States Electoral College. About the only thing that the U.S. states have now agreed on, is that the United States Electoral College should be elected by the general electorate. But this is still not statutory legislation, it is just common agreement. In the past about half the U.S. states had their legislatures elect the United States Electoral College, and about half the U.S. states had their general electorate elect the United States Electoral College.
As stated, the above is double dutch. Even if there was a President-President of the United States Senate, instead of a Vice-President of the United States of America President of the United States Senate, it would still be meaningless. A President of the United States Senate does not exercise empire: he is not even an executive officer. He is a legislative officer. A Vice-President of the United States of America is a legislative officer and part of the legislative branch when acting as President of the United States Senate. When not doing so, the Vice-President of the United States is not worth a spittoon of spit, as he is not a legislative officer, and not an executive officer. He is nothing.
I'll say it again, the above is double dutch. Even if the Statutory Constitution of the United States was altered, and the Vice-President of the United States of America was given some executive power, it wouldn't change a thing. Empire is only exercised by the President of the United States of America, because only he has the chief executive power. The word ''vice'' should give you a clue.
The 1st/17th President of the United States of America, George Washington, was elected the President of the Convention of the States of America when it opened in September 1787. (NOT the 12th? 16th? President of the United States Congress, that was Arthur St. Clair.) The Convention drew up the Statutory Constitution of the United States. Although the proposal for a Kingdoms of America with Prince Frederick Hohenzollern of the Kingdom of Prussia as King, was turned down, the idea of some sort of chief executive was not. George Washington objected to the various titles proposed for this new chief executive post: statholder / stateholder / statesholder / governor / governor-general. He suggested that the title ''president'' be used, as it was already familiar to the american people, and so that title was adopted.
PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
12th? 16th? President of the United States Congress, Arthur St. Clair, is the only non-native-born President of the United States. He was born in the Burg of Edin, North Britain, United Kingdom.
The fundamental principle of a free state / republic / commonwealth, is that only native-born are allowed to vote and hold public office. This is in contrast to crown states / principalities / kingdoms which allow foreigners to hold public office, even if not allowing foreigners to vote.
This fundamental principle of free statism / republicanism / commonwealthism is violated by the United States of America, because foreigners in the U.S. are easily allowed to become naturalized. Naturalization, although rarely allowed in kingdoms, is always completely banned in commonwealths. Naturalization automatically gives the foreigner the right to vote & hold public office in the kingdom.
Despite being a commonwealth, naturalization is not only allowed, but easily accomplished in the U.S. Provided that a foreigner can prove before a justice of the peace that he has been resident in the U.S. for a number of years, that he can speak english, that he can read & write english, that he has some knowledge of the common law & Declaration of Independence & Bill of Rights, Statutory Constitution of the United States, indictment by jury, trial by jury, and that he pledges that he will defend the United States with force of arms, such foreigner can become naturalized.
If you think that's anti-free-state / anti-republican / anti-commonwealth, there are a number of towns and a number of states in the United States of America which allow foreigners to vote and hold public office, without naturalization. THIS IS NOT A JOKE!
The reason why the United States of America and its' various states can never be free states / republics / commonwealths, is that the 1774 Declaration of Rights, 1775 Declaration of Arms, and 1776 Declaration of Independence, all listed an immigration complaint. That complaint was that the United Kingdom of Ulster & Grand Breton was restricting white protestant immigration to the United Provinces / United Colonies / United States, in an attempt to limit its' growth. (Believed to be an attempt to stop clashes with indian and papist populations on the continent.) The american people believed that white protestant immigration was vital to the growth of the United States, and that the removal of the United Kingdom would still not be enough to accomplish that. Despite the U.S. being a free state / republic / commonwealth, the right to vote & hold public office would have to be given to suitable foreigners in order to encourage their immigration in sufficient numbers.
In spite of all the above, the Statutory Constitution of the United States only allows native-born americans to be elected as President of the United States of America, and Vice-President of the United States of America. Yup, a commonwealthist fig leaf!
Occasionally ''independent'' or ''sovereign'' is used instead of ''empire''. But such substitute words cause problems. ''Independent'' or ''Congregationalist'' applies solely to the Congregational Church, and in addition to the obvious problems of such a word, every Independent Church is a member of an Independent Association, and/or Independent Convention. Therefore ''independent'' has no equivalence with ''empire'' or ''imperial'' at all. Provided that the ''empire'' is a crown state / principality / kingdom, then ''sovereign'' can be a rough substitute, but not if the ''empire'' is a free state / republic / commonwealth.