Erik wrote: Intracardiac medication is rarely, if ever used. And that was only in the hospital back in the old ('70s) days.
Actually, IC epi was a field treatment in the "old days", at least in my state. This was before they decided that epi could go down the ET tube. So if you couldn't establish an IV or the patient didn't respond to the IV meds, we would go IC (with orders, of course).